Alphabet
  --------
Vowel Pronunciation Key
-----------------------
a : "u" in "but"
aa : "a" in "far"
e : "e" in "bed"
i : "i" in "fit"
ee : "ee" in "feet"
o : "o" in "code"
u : "u" in "put"
oo : "oo" in "booed"
au : "ow" in "how"
ai : "ei" in "neighbor"
 
Notes: 1. ' indicates a glottal stop (pronounced like "uh") in very careful
----- speech. Normally, however, it is not pronounced at the beginning
  of a word and in other positions it represents 'aa'.
 2. The combination 'ah' at the end of a word is pronounced like 'aa'
  or 'e'. For example: 'jagah' could be 'jagaa' or 'jage', i.e., the
  h is silent.
 3. The combination 'ah' or 'aH' in the middle of a word is pronounced
  like 'e'.
 4. n. (n period) indicates nasalization.
 5. a - is used to distinguish between sh and s+h, kh and k+h, etc.
 
 
Letter  Transcription Remarks
------  ------------- -------
 
'alif  : a  Could also stand for an unspecified initial vowel
be  : b
pe  : p  Does not occur in Arabic
te  : t  Used in native words
Te  : T  Does not occur in Arabic and Persian
se  : s  Used in loan words
jeem  : j
che  : ch  Does not occur in Arabic
baRi he : H  Used in loan words
khe  : kh
daal  : d
Daal  : D  Does not occur in Arabic and Persian
zaal  : z  Used in loan words
re  : r
Re  : R  Does not occur in Arabic and Persian
ze  : z  Used in native words
zhe  : zh  Does not occur in Arabic
seen  : s
sheen  : sh
saad  : s  Used in loan words
zaad  : z  Used in loan words
to-e  : t  Used in loan words
zo-e  : z  Used in loan words
ain  : '  Could also stand for an unspecified initial vowel
ghain  : gh
fe  : f
qaaf  : q
kaaf  : k
gaaf  : g  Does not occur in Arabic
laam  : l
meem  : m
noon  : n
vaa-o  : w  Stands for oo/o/au at the end of a word. In the
  middle it could stand for w/oo/o/au
chhoTi he: h  Used in native words
chhoTi ye: y  Stand for ee/e/ai at the end of a word. In the
  middle it could stand for y/ee/e/ai
baRi ye  : y  Occurs only at the end of a word and stands for
  e or ai
 
#############################
 
 Abbreviations
 -------------
 
 Grammatical Word Origin
 ----------- -----------
 n.f. : noun feminine P : Persian
 n.m. : noun masculine A : Arabic
 pron. : pronoun T : Turkish
 adj. : adjective H : Hindi
 v. : verb S : Sanskrit
 adv. : adverb G : Greek
 conj. : conjunction
 intj. : interjection
 prep. : preposition
 suff. : suffix
 pref. : prefix
 fig. : figurative
 plu. : plural
 lit. : literal
 poet. : poetic
 
#############################
 
 Vocabulary
  ----------
 
  'alif (long)
  ------------
aab: P n.m. water
aab: P n.f. splendor/elegance/polish/brightness/
 temper(steel)/lustre(gems)/sharpness(sword)
 aab-e-aa'inah: n.f. polish of a mirror
 aab-e-talkh: n.m. bitter water/tears/wine
 aab-e-chashm: n.m. tears
aabaad: P adj. populated/inhabited/peopled/prosperous/happy
aabru: P n.f. honor/fame/good name/dignity
aap: H pron. self/selves/respectful term of address
aatish: P n.f. fire
aatmaa: S n.f. soul/spirit/mind
aasim: A n.m. sinner/culprit
aakhir: A adj. last/final
aadaab: A n.m. manners (plu. of adab)
aadmi: P n.m. man (lit. offspring of Adam)
aadmiyyat: A n.f. humanity/human nature/civility
aaraa: P adj. embellishing/adorning
aaraam: P n.m. rest/repose/respite/relief/ease/comfort
aara'ish P n.f. decoration/adornment/beauty
aarzoo: P n.f. yearning/desire/wish/longing
aaz: P n.f. ardent desire/lust/covetousness
aazaad: P n.f. free/unrestrained
aazardah: P adj. annoyed/dejected/uneasy/gloomy/sad
aazmaa'ish: P n.f. trial/experiment/testing/proving
aas: H n.f. longing/desire/hope/faith/shelter/refuge
aasaan: P adj. light/facile/easy
aasraa: H n.m. means of subsistence/protection/shelter
aasmaan: P n.m. heaven/sky
aasmaani: P adj. heavenly/celestial/azure
aasoodah: P adj. opulent/rich/satisfied
aashaa: S n.f. desire/hope/longing
aashuftah: P adj. perplexed/careworn/distracted/confused
aashnaa: P n.m. aquaintance/friend/lover
aashiyaan.: P n.m. nest/house
aakhaaz: P n.m. commencement/outset/beginning
aaghosh: P n.f/m. embrace/lap/bosom
aafaat: A n.f. evils/disasters/misfortunes (plu. of aafat)
aaftaab: P n.m. sun
aag: H n.f. flame/fire (fig. anger/passion/love/lust)
aalaap: H n.f. conversation/preparatory tuning
aan.ch: H n.f. flame/warmth/fervor/loss/grief
aan.chal: H n.m. corner of the 'dopaTTa' worn by women
aan.dhee: H n.f. dust-storm/hurricane
aan.soo: H n.m. tears
aawaarah: P adj. without home
aawaarah: P n.m. wanderer/vagrant/destitute
aawaaz: P n.f. noise/sound/cry/shout
aawaazah: P n.m. rumor/fame/report/reputation
aah: P n.f. sigh
aahistah: P adv. softly/leisurely/slowly
aa'inah: P n.m. mirror
aayandah: P adj. hereafter/in the future
 
#############################
 
  'alif (short)
   -------------
ab: H adv. now/presently
ubaal: H n.m. boiling/rage/anger
ibtidaa': A n.f. commencement/beginning
abtar: P adj. ruined/scattered/worthless
ibtisaam: A n.m. smile/cheerfulness
ibtilaa: A n.m. trial/misfortune/suffering
abad: A n.f. eternity
abr: P n.m. cloud
abroo: P n.m. eyebrow
absaar: A n.m. eyes (plu. of basr)
ibn: A n.m. son
abnaa': A n.m. sons (plu. of ibn)
ittiHaad: A n.m. union/alliance
ittifaaq: A n.m. agreement/concord/chance/event/opportunity
ittifaaqaan: A adv. accidentally
ittikaa': A n.m. dependence/reliance
itlaaf: A n.m. loss/ruin/decay
itmaam: A n.m. completion/perfection
ittihaam: A n.m. charge/imputation/blame
aTak: H n.f. obstacle/obstruction
isbaat: A n.m. proof
asar: A n.m. mark/sign/trace/effect
ujaaR: H adj. ruined/waste/abandoned
ijaazat: A  n.f. permission/leave/sanction
ajnabee: A n.m. stranger/foreigner/alien
iHtiyaaj: A n.f. need
iHtiyaat: A n.f. caution/heed
aHzaan: A n.m. sorrows (plu. of huzn)
iHsaas: A n.m. feeling/emotion
iHsaan: A n.m. beneficence/favor/good deed
akhbaar: A n.m. news/newspaper
ikhtiyaar: A n.m. choice/option/power/influence/control/authority
akhz: A n.m. grasping/seizing/taking
ikhlaas: A n.m. sincerity/purity/love/selfless worship
adaa: A n.f. payment of debt/settlement
adaa: P n.f. charm/grace/beauty
idraak: A n.m. perception/comprehension
adib: A n.m. learned, man of letters (plu. udabaa')
iraadah: A n.m. aim/object/will/desire
arjmand: P adj. exalted
urdoo: T n.f. army/camp
irshaad: A n.m. instruction/order/command/guidance
arz: A n.f. land/region/earth
armaan: P n.m. desire/yearning/wish
azal: A n.f. eternity/without beginning
asaas: A n.f. foundation
asbaab: A n.m. causes/motives/means
ustaad: P n.m. master/professor
isti'faa: A n.m. resignation
isti'maal: A n.m. application/usage/use
asad: A n.m. lion
asraar: A n.m. secrets (plu. of sirr)
israaf: A n.m. waste/extravagance
asfaar: A n.m. voyages/travels (plu. of safar)
asqaam: A n.m. evils/weaknesses/defects (plu. of suqm)
asir: A n.m. prisoner/captive
ishaarah: P n.m. gesture/symbol/wink/sign
ishtihaar: A n.m. notification/poster/reputation/renown
ishtiyaaq: A n.m. longing/craving/desire
ishraaq: A n.m. dawn/day break/lustre
ashfaaq: A n.m. favors (plu. of shafaq)
ishfaaq: A n.m. compassion/kindness
ashqiyaa': A n.m. cruel/heartless (plu. of shaqi)
ashk: P n.m. tearS
as-haab: A n.m. lords/masters (plu. of saahib)
israar: A n.m. obduracy/persistence/obstinacy
asl: A n.m. root/foundation/essence (plu. usool)
asli: A adj. original/genuine/real/true
iztiraab: A n.m. restlessness/perturbation/anxiety
iztiraar: A n.m. helplessness/agitation/constraint
atfaal: A n.m. children/offspring (plu. of tifl)
iz-haar: A n.m. disclosure/proclamation/statement/testimony
i'tibaar: A n.m. trust/confidence/faith/reliance
i'tiraaz: A n.m. objection/criticism/protest
i'jaaz: A n.m. miracle/marvel/wonder
i'laam: A n.m announcing/notifying
aghlaat: A n.f. mistakes (plu. of ghalat)
aghyaar: A n.m. strangers/rivals (plu. of ghair)
uftaad: P n.f. misery/distress/mishap/foundation
iftikhaar: A n.m. honor/glory/repute/distinction
ifraat: A n.f. excess/exuberance/plenty
afsaanah: P n.m. tale/legend/fiction
afsurdah: P adj. melancholy/depressed
afsos: P n.m. regret/remorse/dejection
ufaq: A n.m. horizon
iqbaal: A n.m. prosperity/good fortune/success/confession
iqraar: A n.m. promise/pledge/confession/declaration/covenant
iqtizaa': A n.m. requirement/need/demand
akbar: A adj. greatest (sup. of kabir)
aksar: A adj. most/much/many/frequent
aksar: A adv. frequently/usually/generally/often
agar: P conj. if/in case
al: A art. the
iltifaat: A n.m. regard/kindness/favor/friendship
alfaaz: A n.m. words (plu. of lafz)
amaanat: A n.f. something given in trust/deposit/security
imtiHaan: A n.m. examination/test/trial/proof/experiment
imtiyaaz: A n.m. discrimination/discernment/distinction
ummid: P n.f. hope/expectation/trust
intikhaab: A n.m. selection/choice/election
intizaar: A n.m. waiting (anxiously)/expectation
intizaam: A n.m. management/order/method/arrangement
intiqaam: A n.m. revenge/reprisal
anjaam: A n.m. end/conclusion/result/issue
anjuman: P n.f. assembly/meeting/society/council
andaazah: P n.m. measurement/guess/rough estimate
an.dar: P prep. within/inside/inward
insaan: A n.m. man/human being/mankind
insaaniyyat: A n.m. humanity/civility
in'aam: A n.m. gift/reward/largesse
inqilaab: A n.m. revolution
inkaar: A n.m. denial/contradiction
auqaat: A n.m. times (plu. of waqt)
auqaat: A n.f. status/position
awwaal: A adj. first/excellent/best
aulaad: A n.f. children (plu. of walad)
imaan: A n.m. belief/faith/creed/conscience
 
#############################
 
 be
 --
bi: A prep. by/with/from/in/into/near/on/for/towards
 (Always prefixed to another word)
ba: P prep. by/with/from/in/into/to/on/upon/for/upto
 (Always prefixed to another word)
baa: P prep. with/by/possessed of
baab: A n.m. door/gate/chapter/topic/subject
baabul: H n.m. father
baat: H n.f. word/saying/speech/tale/news/question/business
 proposal/point/gossip/substance
baad: P n.f. wind/air/breeze
baadshaah: P n.m. emperor/king
baadal: H n.m. cloud(s)
baadah: P n.m. wine/spirits
baadiyah: A n.m. wilderness/desert
baadiyah: P n.m. goblet/cup
baar: H n.m. time/turn/chance/opportunity/delay/obstacle
baar: P n.m. burden/load/permission/grief/court
baarish: P n.m. rain
baarah: P n.m. time/turn/about/in regard of
baareek: P adj. fine/slender/delicate/difficult/subtle
baaz: P suff. denotes doer/agent
baaz: P n.m. falcon
baaz: P adv. again/back/refusing
baazaar: P n.m. market
baazaaree: P adj. common/low/vulgar/relating to the market
baazoo: P n.m. arm/fold of a door/flank of an army
baazi: P n.f. sport/game/wager
baazichah: P n.m. toy/fun/sport
baagh: P n.m. garden/orchard/grove
baaqee: A adj. remaining/lasting
baaqee: A n.f. residue/remainder/arrears
baalam: S n.m. a lover/sweet-heart/husband
baam: P n.m. upper storey/terrace/balcony
baan: P suff. signifying keeper or guardian
baan.kaa: H adj. curved/crooked/sly/cunning
baano: P n.f. lady/gentlewoman
bachchah: P n.m. child
baHaal: A adj. status quo/refreshed/happy
baHs: A n.f. dispute/argument/debate/controversy
bukhaar: A n.m. steam/temperature/fever/rage
bakht: P n.m. good fortune/luck/prosperity
bakhshish: P n.f. gift/donation/reward/alms/tip
bad: P adj. bad/wicked/evil
 bad akhtar: adj. unfortunate
 bad anjaam: adj. having a bad end
 bad tar: adj. worse/inferior
 bad chalan: adj. of bad conduct/ill-mannered/immoral
 bad khwaab: n.m./f. nightmare
 bad du'aa: n.f. curse/malediction
 bad sirat: adj. ill-tempered
 bad soorat: adj. ugly
 bad m'aash: adj. roguish
 bad naam: adj. disreputable/notorious/ignominous
 bad naseeb: adj. unfortunate/unlucky
badr: A n.m. full moon
badal: A n.m. exchange/change/substitution
badlaa: n.m. exchange/retaliation/revenge
badan: A n.m. body
baraabar: P adj. equal/even/level/alike/opposite/accurate
bardaasht: P n.f. endurance/tolerance/patience
barsaat: H n.f. rain/rainy season
barkat: A n.f. abundance/prosperity/blessing/auspiciousness
baRhiyaa: H adj. superior/of good quality/expensive
buzurg: P adj. great/venerable/aged/noble
bazm: P n.f. assembly/company (at a feast or entertainment)
bas: P adj. sufficient/enough/plenty
bisaat: A n.f. bedding/carpet/chess board/extent/capacity
bast: P n.m. obstacle/knot/asylum/sanctuary
bistar: P n.m. bed
bismil: P n.m. sacrificial animal/a lover
baseraa: H n.m. roosting/a night's lodging/shelter
bashar: A n.m. man/mortal
basheer: A adj. a messenger of good news
basar: A n.f. sight/vision/the eye
baghaawat: A n.f. revolt/rebellion/disloyalty
baghal: P n.f. armpit/side
balaa: A n.m. calamity/distress/trial/misfortune
buland: P adj. high/lofty/sublime/exalted/tall/loud
billaur: P n.m. crystal/crystal glass/transparent
ban.dish: P adj. composition/elegance of style/plan/obstruction
ban.dagi: P n.f. devotion/worship/service
bandah: P n.m. slave/servant/individual/man
bunyaad: A n.f. foundation
bood: P n.f. being/existence
bahaadur: P adj. brave/valiant/high-spirited
bahaar: P n.f. spring/prime/bloom/beauty/glory/delight
bahaanah: P n.m. excuse/pretext/evasion/reason
bhool: H n.f. forgetfulness/omission/mistake/lapse/fault
 bhool bhulayyaan.: a maze/labyrinth
be: P pref. without/void of
 be aabroo: adj. dishonorable
 be ittifaaqi: n.f. discord/disunity
 be iHtiyaati: n.f. incautiousness
 be ikhtiyaari: n.f. helplessness/without choice
 be adab: adj. rude/unmannerly
 be i'tibaar: adj. untrustworthy/discredit
 be imtiyaaz: adj. indiscriminating
 be an.daazah: adj. unlimited/endless
 be insaaf: adj. unfair/unjust
 be imaan: adj. faithless/liar/cheat
 be bas: adj. helpless/weak
 be pardah: adj. unveiled/immodest/exposed
 be parwaa: adj. heedless/indifferent/above want
 be taab: adj. restless/powerless/impatient
 be taasir: adj. ineffectual/useless
 be tameez: adj. indiscreet/rude/uncultured
 be jaan: adj. lifeless
 be jurm: adj. faultless
 be chain: adj. restless/uneasy
 be Hadd: adj. endless/boundless
 be Hayaa: adj. shameless/impudent/bare-faced
 be khabar: adj. uninformed/ignorant/stupid
 be khataa: adj. faultless/innocent
 be khud: adj. enraptured/in ecstasy/delirious/senseless
 be daad: n.f. iniquity/injustice/oppression
 be daagh: adj. spotless/without blemish/innocent
 be dard: adj. without feeling/pitiless/merciless
 be rahm: adj. merciless/cruel
 be riyaa: adj. without guile/candid/sincere
 be zaar: adj. disgusted/displeased
 be zabaan: adj. dumb/speechless/modest
 be zar: adj. destitute/poor
 be sakhtah: adj. artless/unaffected/natural/plain
 be saaz: adj. without tools or apparatus
 be sabab: adj. without cause or reason
 be sharm: adj. shameless/immodest
 be sabr: adj. impatient
 be taaqat: adj. powerless
 be 'izzat: adj. without honor or respect
 be gham: adj. happy/without sorrow
 be fikr: adj. free from care or worry
 be qadr: adj. worthless
 be qaraar: adj. uneasy/restless/unsettled
 be qusoor: adj. innocent/not guilty
 be kaar: adj. idle/unemployed/useless
 be kas: adj. friendless/lonely
 be gunaah: adj. innocent/guiltless
 be ma'ni: adj. meaningless/absurd
 be naam: adj. without name, character or reputation
 be naseeb: adj. unfortunate
 be nazir: adj. unequalled/matchless/unique
 be wajh: adj. without cause
 be wafaa: adj. faithless/ungrateful/treacherous
 be waqoof: adj. foolish/stupid/dolt
 be hunar: adj. unskilled
 be hosh: adj. unconscious
bayaabaan: P n.m. desert/wilderness
bayaan: A n.m. description/statement/account
bait: A n.m. house/abode
bait: A n.f. couple/verse
bedaar: P adj. awake/alert/vigilant
bezaar: P adj. displeased/angry/out of humor
begaanah: P adj. strange/alien/foreign
bimaar: P adj. sick/ill
 
#############################
 
 pe
 --
paa: P n.m. leg/foot/root of a tree
 paa ban.d: n.m fettered/bound/subjugated
 paa maal: adj. trodden under foot/ruined
 paa yaab: adj. fordable/within man's depth
paar: H n.m. opposite bank/the end/termination
paas: P n.m. custody/regard/supervision
 paas baan: n.m. guard/sentinel
 paar daari: n.f. favor/partiality/favoritism
pak: P adj. pure/holy/immaculate/chaste/undefiled
pakeezah: P adj. pure/clean/neat
paagal: H adj. mad/insane/idiotic/distressed
paani: H n.m. water/rain/lustre/character/honor
pardah: P n.m. curtain/screen/veil/secrecy/privacy
parastish: P n.m. worship
paraknaa: H v. to examine/to test
parwaanah: P n.m. moth/lover/warrant/permission
parwarish: P n.f. fostering/rearing/sustenance/protecting
pariwash: P adj. fairy-like/beautiful
pareshaan: P adj. troubled/distracted/distressed
pasand: P n.f. choice/approval/preference
pasinaa: H n.m. perspiration/sweat
pashemaan: P n.f. penitent/repentant/ashamed
pal: H n.m. a moment
palak: H n.f. eyelash/a moment/an instant
panaah: P n.f. protection/asylum/refuge
pahlu: P n.m. side/advantage/flank of an army
payaam: P n.m. message
peshaah: P n.m. craft/trade/profession
paighaam: P n.m. message/news/advice
paimaan: P n.m. promise/agreement/oath/confirmation
 
#############################
 
 te
 --
taab: P n.f. heat/power/endurance/rage
taabish: P n.f. heat/splendour/grief/sorrow
taasir: A n.f. effect/impression
taj: P n.m. crown/tiara
taarikh: A n.f. date/annals
taarik: P adj. dark/obscure
taazah: P adj. fresh/new/tender/happy
taak: P n.f. look/regard/aim/view
tabaah: P adj. ruined/spoiled/depraved/wretched
tabdeel: A n.f. change
tabassum: A n.m. smile/smiling
tajribah: A n.m. experience/experiment/test/proof
toHfaa: A n.m. a gift
takht: P n.m. throne/seat
tadbir: A n.f. deliberation/opinion/advice/arrangement/order
taraanah: P n.m. harmony/symphony/a kind of song
tarjumaan: A n.m. interpreter
tars: P n.m. fear/terror
tars: H n.m. compassion/pity/mercy
tarraqqee: A n.f. elevation/promotion/proficiency
tarkeeb: A n.f. composition/mixture/plan/mode/method
tasallee: A n.f. consolation/comfort/satisfaction
tasleem: A n.f. salutation/greeting/resignation/submission
tashreef: A n.f. honoring
tishnagi: A n.f. thirst/desire/longing
tasawwur: A n.m. imagination/fancy/idea
tasawwuf: A n.m. mysticism
tasweer: A n.f. picture/portrait/painting
ta'ajjub: A n.m. wondering/admiration/amazement/surprise
ta'areef: A n.f. explanation/description/praise/definition
ta'alluq: A n.m. connection/relation/consideration
taqaazaa: A n.m. demanding settlement of a debt/importunity
taqdeer: A n.f. fate/luck
taqriban: A adv. approximately
taqwaa: A n.f. piety/abstinence/fear of God
takleef: A n.f. imposition of a burden/difficulty/inconvenience
talaash: A n.f. search/inquiry/quest
talkh: P adj. bitter/acrimonious/pungent/unpalatable
talwaar: H n.f. sword
tamaashaa: A n.m. entertainment/fun/amusement/sport/spectacle
tamaam: A adj. entire/complete/perfect/end
tameez: A n.f. discernment/judgement/observance of etiquette
tan: P n.m. body
tanqiH: A n.f. cleaning/investigation/inquiry/issue
tangi: P n.f. narrowness/hardship/poverty
tanhaa: P adj. alone/solitary
taubah: P n.m. repentance
 taubah taubah: intj. Heaven forbid!
tauheen: A n.f. disgrace/contempt/defamation/dishonor/insult
taiyaar: P adj. ready/prepared/finished/alert/ripe
teer: P n.m. arrow
tez: P adj. sharp/keen/caustic/pungent/swift/clever
tegh: P n.m. sword/dagger
 
#############################
 
 Te
 --
Taan.g: H n.f. the leg/a share
Tapaknaa: H v. to leak/to drip/to fall down (fruits)
Takkar: H n.f. collision/encounter/rivalry/competition
TukRaa: H n.m. a piece/a morsel/a part/fraction
TooT: H n.f. breaking/fracture/loss
Thikaanaa: H n.m. fixed abode/proper place/goal/limit
ThanD: H n.f. cold/chill
Thokar: H n.f. obstacle/kick/stumble
TeRh: H n.f. crookedness
 
#############################
 
 se
 --
saabit: A adj. confirmed/established/fixed/stable
saabit: A n.m. a fixed star
saaqib: A adj. shining brightly/splendid/sublime
sabaat: A n.m. stability/endurance/resolution/constancy
sabt: A n.m. permanence/a seal/writing
suboot: A n.m. evidence/proof/conviction/constancy/stability
saarwat: A n.f. wealth/power/influence
saraa: A n.m. the earth
siqaafat: A n.f. culture
siqaalat: A n.f. burden/weight
siqaahat: A n.f. reliability/trustworthiness
sawaab: A n.m. reward/recompense
sawaabit: A n.m. the fixed stars (plu. of saabit)
 
#############################
 
 jeem
 ----
jaadu: P n.m. magic/conjuring/charm/effect of evil spirits
jaazib: A adj. alluring/attractive
jaaree: A adj. running/flowing/current/continuing
jaagir: P n.f. a fief
jaam: P n.m. goblet
jaan: P n.f. soul/life/mind/vigor/sweetheart/beloved
jaanee: P adj. of or relating to life
jaanee: P n.m.